Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) involves capturing CO₂ from industrial sources or directly from the atmosphere (DACCS), transporting it, and storing it permanently in geological formations. CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage) includes using captured CO₂ in products or processes. CCS is considered necessary for net zero in hard-to-abate sectors but remains expensive ($50-200+/tonne) and limited in scale. The IEA estimates CCS must capture 7.6 Gt CO₂/year by 2050.