Circular Economy

A circular economy is an economic model that eliminates waste and pollution, keeps products and materials in use at their highest value, and regenerates natural systems. It contrasts with the linear "take-make-dispose" model. Strategies include designing for durability, repair, reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling. India's extended producer responsibility (EPR) framework for plastics, e-waste, and batteries operationalises circular economy principles. The EU Circular Economy Action Plan sets binding targets for packaging, textiles, and construction.