NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions)

Nationally Determined Contributions are climate action plans submitted by countries under the Paris Agreement, outlining their targets for greenhouse gas emission reductions and adaptation measures. NDCs are updated every five years with progressively ambitious targets (the "ratchet mechanism"). India's updated NDC targets 50% non-fossil energy capacity and 45% emissions intensity reduction by 2030. The EU's NDC commits to 55% emission reduction by 2030 vs 1990. NDCs collectively determine whether the world stays within 1.5-2°C warming limits.